FSM State Encoding - More Switching Reduction Tips

I promised before to write some words on reducing switching activity by cleverly assigning the states of an FSM, so here goes…

Look at the example below. The FSM has five states “A”-”E”. Most naturally, one would just sequentially enumerate them (or use some enumeration scheme given by VHDL or Veriog - which is easier for debugging purposes).
In the diagram the sequential enumeration is marked in red. Now, consider only the topology of the FSM - i.e. without any reference to the probability of state transitions. You will notice that the diagram states (pun intended) in red near each arc the amount of bits switching for this specific transition. For example, to go from state “E” (100) to state “B” (001), two bits will toggle.

But could we choose a better enumeration scheme that will reduce the amount of switching? Turns out that yes (don’t tell anybody but I forced this example to have a better enumeration ). If you look at the green state enumeration you will clearly see that at most only one bit toggles for every transition.

If you sum up all transitions (assuming equal probability) you would see that the green implementation toggles exactly half the time as the red. An interesting point is that we need only to consider states “B” - “E”, because once state “A” is exited it can never be returned to (this is sometimes being referred to as “black hole” or “a pit”).

The fact that we chose the states enumeration more cleverly doesn’t only mean that we reduced switching in the actual flip-flops that hold the state itself, but we also reduce glitches/hazards in all the combinational logic that is dependent on the FSM! The latter point is extremely important since those combinational clouds can be huge in comparison to the n flops that hold the state of the FSM.

The procedure on choosing the right enumeration deserve more words but this will become a too lengthy post. In the usually small FSMs that the average designer handles on a daily basis, the most efficient enumeration can be easily reached by trial and error. I am sure there is somewhere some sort of clever algorithm that given an FSM topology can spit out the best enumeration. If you are aware of something like that, please send me an email.